Measurement of Lying and Standing Blood Pressure

Measurement of Lying and Standing Blood Pressure Jayne Flood Introduction This report aims to discuss the best practice on the measurement of a lying and standing blood pressure. In addition to this; formulate a search strategy to provide the best evidence based practice. Doctor David Sackett defines evidence based practice as; â€Å"The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients† (Sackett et al. 2000). This in Laymen’s terms means; to use all available resources of information to form an opinion or judgement on how to provide the best possible care to the patient. Some people suffer from a condition called Presyncope, this can cause them to feel lightheaded or unsteady on their feet when rising from a lying or sitting position; this condition is often associated with the older generation and can cause them to fall. They feel this way because the brain or cerebral cortex does not receive enough oxygen, due to a lack of circulation when they stand up. This can th en cause them to fall over or pass out. This condition is also known as Hypotension or Orthostatic Blood Pressure. The best way to diagnose or determine if the patient is suffering from this condition, is too perform a procedure called a lying and standing blood pressure. This usually requires the Health Care Professional to take the patient’s blood pressure while they are lying down, then to record the blood pressure immediately on standing and then again when they have been standing for two minutes; to determine if the patient has a significant drop in their blood pressure in a standing position. Formulating a search strategy for the three resources The three resources for this report that will be searched and discussed are books, journals and the internet. The key words used in this report will be; Lying and Standing Blood Pressure, Orthostatic Blood Pressure, Hypotension and measurement. The main sentence used will be measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. Before beginning the search it can be helpful to design a mind map, spider graph or brainstorm, to help generate any new key words that can be used in the search. (Cottrell, 2003). The main focus for this report will be on Measurement of Orthostatic blood pressure. Internet A good search resource is the internet because it is fast and instant. Turn on the computer and connect to www.google.com; then in the search bar, type in the words lying and standing blood pressure. This yielded nine hundred and forty two thousand search results in fifty four seconds. The word measurement was used to try and narrow the search results down. Type in the words measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this narrowed the search results down to two hundred and twenty four thousand. Applying Boolean logic to the search bar, can help to narrow the results further; simply add the words â€Å"AND† or â€Å"OR†. George Boole was a mathematician who came up with the idea to add either of these words to the keywords to narrow down a search, (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The word AND added to the keywords lying and standing blood pressure, will produce results that include both the keywords lying and standing. Adding the word OR will also produce results that inclu de the keywords lying and standing, this severely increase the search results. The word NOT can also be added to the key words, which will narrow the results considerably as this searches for only one of the key words and rules out the other. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). Using Boolean logic did not help in this particular search. Scrolling through the Google search results, revealed that a lot of the websites were generated abroad. This can be reduced down by clicking on the search tool button, then clicking on country United Kingdom only, this reduced the results down by half. To try and reduce the results further, type google scholar in the Google search bar, this will access google scholar (www.scholar.google.co.uk.) Type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure in the search bar, this produced a search result of forty five thousand meaning it was considerably less. By clicking on advanced search and inputting the dates to no more than five years, reduces the results down to twenty in seven seconds. The downside to advance search on google scholar, is that there is no discrimination against foreign websites. When searching the internet, it is important to remember the three ‘W’s.’ Who; What and When. Who produced the website and can they be trusted; for instance; is it written by a drug company who are trying to sell their products. Where the website is from; is it British or from abroad? Ideally healthcare professionals should be using information from their own country in their assignments. And finally, when was the website last updated? A lot of websites are rarely updated, so it is important to look at when the website was created and updated. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). Journals Another great resource that healthcare professionals can research are journals or e-journals. Journals are current and up to date. Written by qualified professionals and peer reviewed, they also contain many volumes. The downside to using journals is that they can be very costly, difficult to store and hard to search (O’Dochartaigh, 2002). The university has a library that can be accessed day or night, or you can use their library website or the university website. Sign in to the library account and type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. This produced a hundred and seventy six results, this includes journals and books. You can refine the search results further by going to the advanced search section, and clicking on the relevant boxes that may be needed to do this, for example, in this case all that was needed was to refine the search was the date which yielded only fifty two results. Also underneath the refine results section is a list of the authors, the name of the journals and the databases they were found in. This information is helpful if the name of certain journals is not known; the same with databases. By clicking on the more options part of these lists, you can eliminate or include whichever journals or databases required; for example, in this case all articles from abroad were eliminated, reducing the search results down to forty nine. If the name of the journal is known, then the library website has an e-journals section; click on the box that says â€Å"find e journals.† This will bring up a separate box with the alphabet, click on the relevant letter or type in the name of the journal in the search bar. For example the nursing times was searched. This then opens up a new link box, click on the nursing times title; this will open up a separate box where the year, volume, issue and page numbers can be inserted to access the particular e-journal required. For the purpose of this report, it is known that the particular nursin g times journal was printed in the year two thousand and seven (2007), the volume number is one hundred and three (103), the issue number is twenty (20), and the page starts on number twenty four (24). These numbers when inputted into the boxes, will take you directly to the e-journal required. The hospital library also has its own journal and e-journals databases. A lot of the e-journals are accessed via an Athens database account, this is an Access Management System developed by Eduserv; a safe service provider that allows access to all electronic resources the hospital or university are subscribed to. Access to Athens can be done through the university or the hospital, you can register an account with them at no cost to the user, as long as you are a healthcare professional or student. Databases are a systematic collection of data that can be accessed for information, either through the World Wide Web, work or university library. Once again, it does help if you know the name of a ny databases. On the university webpage there is a box that says â€Å"databases†. Clicking on this link will open up a separate box to which you can type in the name of the database required. For the purpose of this report; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl) will be used. Type Cinahl into the search bar, this generates one search result; double click on the title and this will take you directly to the database. In the search bar type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this will then open up a separate link with new keywords; tick the boxes of the keywords to be used. For example, in this case the keywords are measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. Click the search database button and this yielded ten results. To try and find other articles, type in lying and standing blood pressure in the top search bar; in the search bar underneath, type the word â€Å"AND† next to it and type in the word measurement this yielded no resul ts. When searching journals, it is vital to ensure the writers are British; what their qualifications are; and are they qualified healthcare professionals. Checking the date of the journal may be vital, as anything older than five years can be considered out of date. The same should be taken under consideration when searching databases. Books Books are another great search tool for healthcare professionals; they can be easier than journals and the internet to search for, and more reliable than the internet. Books give the reader a summary of what is written in the book, by reading the blurb on the back. Books also contain a contents and index page; this allows the reader to go to a specific page or chapter instead of having to read the whole book; unlike journals. Unfortunately books are expensive and take up a lot of storage space. There are four options available when searching for books: The public library, the hospital library, the university library and google books (www.books.google.co.uk). For the purpose of this report the university library will be used. The university provide tuition on how to search and use the library website within a month of starting the course. The university library informs the researcher what books are available, how many books there are, where they can be located in the library and on wh ich campus, how long the book can be borrowed for and whether the book is available online as an e-book. Searching for measurement of orthostatic blood pressure; or lying and standing blood pressure yielded no results for books; the search was then changed to hypotension which yielded one result. To try and yield a few more results, the title was changed to orthostatic blood pressure, this only yielded journals. Blood pressure was then typed into the search bar, this produced over three hundred and nineteen thousand results; they included journals, books and full text online. To reduce this down; there is the option to advance the search; by clicking on the â€Å"available in the library† option reduced the results down to fifteen books, ruling out all the journals etc. Choose an appropriate book and look at the options available underneath the title and description of the book. The location option tells you which campus the book is located on and therefore where it can be lo cated in the library. This can also inform the researcher if the book is available to borrow on the day, or when it becomes available to borrow; it can also allow the user to hold the book; meaning the previous borrower cannot renew the book. Clicking on the details option gives the user the author(s), the subject, identifier and a brief description of the book; this can allow the user to choose or eliminate the book quickly and easily. Clicking on the virtual browse button, allows the user to view other books that are along the same shelves as the book the user is looking at. To the left of the library webpage as mentioned earlier; is the option to advance search. Above the words available in the library is â€Å"full text online†; clicking on this option gives the user access to the e-books online, allowing them to download the book for a maximum period of two days or to read the book online. Once the user has chosen the books they require, it is just a simple matter of goi ng to the library and borrowing the books. It is important when looking at books for the user to take into account the date, who wrote the book and whether it contains the relevant information required. Discussion Formulating a search strategy requires planning, organisation, time and practice. Journals, internet and books are essential tools needed to improve the quality of information assembled from the research. Therefore it is essential to check the credentials of the person writing the information, where the information is from and when it was written or compiled. When searching the internet it became apparent that the websites accessed only spoke about the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure and not about how to measure the blood pressure only three websites produced the results required, one produced a useable tool, the other gave a step by step explanation on how to do a lying a standing blood pressure, but no other information. The last website explained the correct procedure, explained the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure, was written by a qualified healthcare personnel, however the webpage did not give a date for when it was updated or due to be reviewed only that it was produced in nineteen ninety six. Searching the hospital and university libraries produced one journal which gave the correct procedure on how to measure a lying and standing blood pressure, this was found in the Nursing times but was out of date by eighteen years. Searching through the university library yielded several books on blood pressure, all with a section on the cause of orthostatic blood pressure, but nothing on the correct measurement of lying and standing blood pressure. The hospital library produced one book with the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure. Formulating the search took up an amazing amount of time and resources and has proved to be illusive and inconclusive. In order to find the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure further research will be required. With more practice on the use of keywords will hopefully produce the required results. Formulating this search strategy and report has proven how easy it is to get bogged down with information. Using Boolean logic is extremely useful in most search criteria’s but did not work for this particular search. Adding speech marks to measurement of orthostatic blood pressure also did not help, the search tended to focus on the words blood pressure, how to measure blood pressure or just orthostatic blood pressure. This has proven that the keywords should also include words such as â€Å"how to† or â€Å"correct†. Conclusion This report has shown how the use of a spider graph or mind map, is an extremely useful way of beginning the formulation of a search strategy (Cottrell, 2003). It has also demonstrated that using Boolean logic can be an effective tool when searching for information (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The use of evidence based practice or medicine has also been discussed by discussing what was good and bad about the information and the indicators used to determine this, such as the three W’s, who, when and where to whittle the information down. The internet has proven to be the most interesting and time consuming because anything can be typed in the search bar and it will come up with a vast amount of results. Using different techniques to try and reduce the information down was time consuming. Using the hospital and university was more reliable to find books and journals was less time consuming. They also have librarians that are helpful in times of crisis. Books and journals were t he most reliable sources of information because they are generally written by experts in the field being researched. Completing this report has proven to be a useful way of improving knowledge, skills and an effective learning curve. Learning that evidence based practice is based on the best available evidence. Ensuring any advice given is evidence based especially if recommending healthcare products or services and ensuring that any complementary or alternative therapies are in the best interests of the person in the healthcare professionals care (NMC, 2008). Completing this report has acknowledge that less time is required on the structure of the report and more time must be spent on the research. References Aveyard, H. (2014) Doing a literature review in health and social care. A Practical guide. 3rd edition. Berkshire: Open University Press. www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety//measuring_orthostatic_bp[accessed 20th November 2014] http://www.cdc.gov/injury/STEADI [accessed 20th November 2014] Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Dougherty,L. Lister, S. (2011) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 8th edition. Oxford. U.K: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Freeman, B. Thompson, D. (2009) Fundamental aspects of finding and using information. A guide for students of nursing and health. London Quay Books. Hek, G. Et al (1996) Making sense of research – an introduction for nurses. London: Cassell. O’Dochartaigh, N. (2002) The internet research handbook. London. Sage Publications. Pear, R. Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. The essential referencing guide. 9th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sackett, D.L. Et al (2000) Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. London. Churchill Livingston. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/474822_2 [accessed 20th November 2014]

The Causes Of The World Trade Center Bombing :: essays research papers

In September 1929, "the Roaring Twenties," "the Era of Wonderful Nonsense," of sex, booze and jazz, ended with the stock market crash that began the Great Depression. There followed the "low dishonest decade" of poet W. H. Auden's depiction, as Western statesmen sought to appease their way to security and peace. On Sept. 11, 2001, as the 767s smashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and Pentagon, killing 5,000 Americans, another unserious era of sex scandals and stock market silliness came to an end. Recall, if you will, the summer of 2001. The story that had CNN, MSNBC and FOX News transfixed was the saga of Gary Condit. Nightly, talk-show hosts demanded answers to the great questions: Why did Gary throw away the watch box? Where did stewardess Anne Marie Smith spend her D.C. nights? By Sept. 11, the story seemed about to end in a great courtroom drama, with Anne Marie charging Gary with libel – for denying she committed adultery. What will the decade be remembered for? The Trial of O. J.? Who killed Jon-Benet Ramsey? The Oval Office trysts of Bill and Monica? Condit summer? Meanwhile, not to worry about the world. For America is "the last superpower," the "indispensable nation." The New Economy will take us to "Dow 36,000!" "Pax Americana" and "Global Democracy" are our destiny. On Sept. 11, the frivolous era came to an end. Suddenly, for the first time since Gen. Jackson drove the British army out of Louisiana, the enemy was inside the gates, slaughtering thousands. Why? Because we adopted an open-borders policy that left tens of millions of illegal aliens wandering about America, few of whom had any loyalty to us, some of whom were willing to murder us on the orders of their foreign masters. To keep the cost of labor down, we let millions of strangers, and not a few enemies, into our home. Never before has America been so vulnerable, and corporate greed and craven politics did it to us. Tuesday, the U.S. reported that industrial production fell for the 12th straight month. Bethlehem Steel became the latest U.S. company to go Chapter 11. U.S. factories now produce at 75 percent of capacity. Last year, the U.S. trade deficit in manufactureds hit $324 billion and the merchandise trade deficit $450 billion. The de-industrialization of America is well advanced. In a triumph of the globalists, America has become again what she has not been in generations: a dependent nation.

IELTS Essay On Fast Food

Modern habits and lifestyles demand that we achieve many more goals and targets every day. Our iPhone, tablet, GPS and laptop enable us to communicate instantly, get instant answers and have access to instant information. We live very fast lives and many of us want this to extend to our eating habits. Fast food allows us to eat ‘tasty’, economic, convenient meals in a very short time. This is a vexing problem for health professionals and governments globally because, despite advances in scientific research, which tells us how bad a poor diet is for our health, the incidence of obesity is reaching epidemic levels in parts of the world, such as America, Europe and even parts of Asia, and much of it is due to an increased consumption of fast food.Disregard for the advice of health professionals is a malaise that can be directly linked with our modern world and its stressfully quick lifestyle and the highly successful, perhaps too successful, marketing and production of high fat, high sugar, low-nutrient food.What can a government do? They can manage their system of taxation to encourage the provision of healthy cafes, restaurants and fast food outlets. Conversely they can ‘punish’ unhealthy fast food companies with heavier taxation. They can also change the law with regard to the amount of sugar and fat that is allowed in prepared foods.With a determined and sustained campaign to improve people’s awareness and understanding of the dangers of fast food, authorities might do much to ameliorate the situation. However longterm and long-lasting dietary change would need to be part of a wider campaign to promote not just ‘slow' healthy food but a slower pace of life generally.

Marketing Report BlackBerry

Marketing Report BlackBerry Executive Summary The BlackBerry series of phones are made by the Research in Motion (RIM). The BlackBerry phones target the business and professional people as their features made it possible for the owners to carry out a good number of office function through the devices. The BlackBerry phones have a strong presence in the market, and therefore, they are widely popularly.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Report: BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though RIM has been locked in court over infringing a number of patents, its technology is still away ahead of its rivals, and therefore, it still enjoys market popularity. RIM carried out aggressive marketing on behalf of the BlackBerry phones. The pricing of the BlackBerry phones are dependent on the level of technology of a particular BlackBerry phone. In order for RIM to continue enjoying its popularity in the market, it will have to continuously adj ust its phone prices in proportion to the value and technology level of the phones. RIM also needs to be at the top of the game in relation to the issues touching phone technology. Introduction There have been many innovative solutions for wireless communications that have been evolving in the recent years. Mobile phones have been considered one of the sectors that have witnessed numerous inventions where state of the art technologies are under constant implementations in the handsets that are manufactured by popular mobile phones manufactures. This paper provides an environmental scan for Research in Motion (RIM) which is the company under which the BlackBerry portfolio falls and its associated services. The paper will define the market structure of BlackBerry and a detailed analysis of the marketing mix or programs and macro-environment trends as well as their effect on the competitive analysis of the product and their demand and market segmentation. Project Scope This project is mainly theoretical and will seek to evaluate the marketing program of BlackBerry. The report examines BlackBerry’s macro and competitive environment, its marketing program elements which it employs and the recommendations which can enhance its popularity. An analysis of the marketing environment of Blackberry based on the five porter’s forces is also included together with the SWOT analysis. The life cycle of the product is also given. A critical response to the Introduction Analysis of Product Brand and Macro-environment Trends Product Brand BlackBerry is one of the mobile phones that have created a phenomenal brand in the mobile phone market. BlackBerry phones are well-known for their sleek look, design and style with other features. With BlackBerry, an individual can access email, data-transfer services and web serving.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In basic terms, BlackBerry handsets are just camera phones with the various functions that are required and are used by people of business class. Traditionally, it was launched and meant for the high class and the rich people but from its transformation and quality, some phones of BlackBerry brand are available for people of average class (Sweeny, 2009). This has provided tough competition to its business competitors and other established players in the market. Players like Nokia, Sony Erickson and Motorola have developed better quality devices, but they have not reached or matched the feat of BlackBerry. There are various types of BlackBerry phone models that have been introduced into the market. BlackBerry 7130G and BlackBerry pearl 8100 are the best and the most selling BlackBerry models in the international mobile phones market. The introduction of camera phones has been in high demand in the United Kingdom market. BlackBerry was considered as a business phone and its intro duction into the global market in 1999 confirmed this expectation because it built a strong presence in the mobile phone industry within the short period of time. The success of BlackBerry was attributed to three main features: Technology looks and innovativeness and a lot of attention have been placed to strengthen these factors which have led to the launch of revolutionary mobile phone devices that attract the rich and the high-class segment of the population (Dictionary, 2012, p. 1). Macro-environment Trends (Pestel Analysis) Economic Environment: there has been varied opinion as to whether the UK has emerged from the economic recession but the fact that the world stock markets have improved and that the earnings of many companies have improved are indications that the economy is growing. This will be reflected in the markets share and the sales of BlackBerry phones (Scribd, 2011, p. 6). Social Environment: this includes the greening of technology, security threats and education level of the workforce. The pressure to create eco-friendly products has been both a legal and social issue, and it is likely to heighten due to consumer awareness on environmental pressures.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Report: BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lobby groups have stressed the role of electronic companies to clean up their acts due to the toxic nature of their components. On security threats, viruses and others malicious files and spy ware have a lot of social impact. Cyber criminals have taken advantage of the lee way that has been created by technological developments of BlackBerry. Consequently, regarding the education of the workforce, UK has higher transition of students from elementary and secondary education into tertiary and higher education. This has the net effect of creating a more educated workforce and also because smart phone customers are the educated class, the market of the product is likely to increase (Sweeny, 2009, p. 4). Technological Environment: Among the technological factors to be analyzed are mobile convergence, mobile payment technologies, the internet on the go and the diminishing of non-smart phones. Mobile phones are slowly growing as gadgets of electronic needs, and they are replacing newspapers and television since people are able to access information anytime. Non-smart phones are slowly and naturally getting out of market; they will be phased out completely by the mass introduction of smart phones. The internet on the norm is becoming a norm in BlackBerry, and it is projected to increase in the near years. It is projected that the number of mobile phones that will be used to access the internet will exceed the PCs. There have been also a lot of debates regarding the destination and the trend taken by mobile phones money payment, others have projected that it will grow steadily while others are skeptical. The convenience of using mobile phones to purchasing goods, paying bills and purchasing of digital items represents the new age of mobile convenience (Bikowski, Bryant, Crossin, Dillon, Giles, Lawson, McConville, 2009, p. 9). Environmental Aspect: Environmental aspect has a lot of impact on the mobile phone industry because manufacturers have to comply with various environmental standards. RIM has in several cases ensured that their manufacturing is fair and eco friendly because any environmental mishap can destroy the image of the company in the global market. Legal Issues: The operations of the company are secure, and it is very difficult to monitor or regulate, and this has made various regulatory bodies to contemplate banning its operations, which will impact on its business operations. Rim is also experiencing legal battles with various companies like Visto, and Motorola and these have had implications on the operations of the company.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More RIM has also been locked in court battle with Minerva industries, which has accused it of infringing on its patent; MSTG has also filed a case of the same nature. All these have impacted on the performance of the company since settling legal issues is expensive. Political Climate: The political environment in the UK has made the Smartphone industry to flourish, and BlackBerry is a beneficiary of this favorable political environment, and it is estimated that smart phones will overtake the feature phones by 2015. The main challenge is the situation where some countries have raised concerns about the security features of BlackBerry, which emerges from the fact that it has become very hard for government authorities to monitor operations of BlackBerry phone users. There is also the political concern where UK with other EU countries has imposed strong regulations regarding the hygiene and the safety standards for various manufacturers who have negatively impacted on the operations of RIM (Scribd, 2012, p. 1). Perceptual Map Perceptual map is a demonstration of attributes that influence the consumer decision making which are later considered as focal points when designing the product or in the making of advertising decisions. Perceptual map indicates the strength of the firm’s brand and the features of the mobile phone that make it score and gain preference in the mind of consumers. The perceptual market map of BlackBerry phone (Mohr, Sengupta, Slater, 2009, p. 255) is as demonstrated below: Competitive Environment The established competitors in the Smartphone market include apple, Samsung, Motorola, Nokia and LG. The competitive environment of Blackberry is an intense one because of its launch of new products and new brands from the already established ones. What enhances the competitiveness of blackberry form its competitors is its development of black messenger that allows all the users with Blackberry to message each other all over the world without any charge. Rapid advertisements are also another strategy that allows Blackberry to survive in the very competitive environment hence giving it commercial advantage. A reflection on Loop 1 Marketing Programs or Elements: Marketing mix Elements Employed Marketing mix is a term that is used to describe all set of activities that make up the marketing programs of a firm. Among the various elements of a marketing mix are: place, product, people, process, physical evidence, promotion and price. Marketing mix is also considered to be the tools that are used to position the product into the target market. Product The RIM has brought a revolution into the mobile phone markets through the introduction of BlackBerry Smartphone. This was aimed at enhancing the depth of their products through the introduction of BlackBerry into their product line by creating a multimedia device that can satisfy the needs of their consumers. By enhancing the features of a Smartphone and the ultimate redesigning of BlackBerry, it is projected that it will attract a lot of customers and to dominate the mobile phone global market. Customer decisions are based on the understanding of the product in the market; product offering is not the only thing but is considered as a total package of benefits that are obtained by customers. The product is analyzed from the perspective of customer value, which is in turn analyzed based on the following aspect of BlackBerry mobile phones: their physical product and shape, the design style of the mobile phone, its brand name, the reputation of the company, convenience of the company’s operation and its financial plans. The analysis of the product under marketing mix deals with the design, features, packaging, variation and brand quality and quantity. For a product to occupy a distinct place in the market, it should differentiate itself from that of its competitors. This can only be achieved by positioning the product in such a manner that the customers c an be able to perceive the product differently. Any element of the marketing mix can be used to realize a differentiated positioning. The RIM entity sells their products to the entire customers, but their distribution options may vary based on the market segment (OECD, 1997, p.12). Price Price is understood to be the value of money that is attached to particular product. It is through price the consumers can get to understand about the value of the product, its quality and status. The degree of price is determined by either demand or cost. The reference point of the pricing of BlackBerry will be pegged on that of its competitors. For those consumers who desire satellite services; there will be a predetermined additional charge that will be added. Price factors in all the relevant costs of producing the product form the factory to the distributor and then the profit margin in included. Price is the sole determinant of demand of goods. Place Place is marketing program that touches on the channels of marketing, which are the mechanism with which the companies venture into the market and expose their physical presences in commercial activities regarding the mobile phone products. Distribution of the product into the market can be both direct and indirect. Middlemen or third parties are considered reliable for distribution of the products and the best way of having them is to contract them. Distribution is the main channel of actualizing product availability in the market. BlackBerry products can be distributed through their dealers, global service carriers, BlackBerry promotional websites and agents. Promotion RIM communicates the utilities and the benefits of BlackBerry to its consumers by the use of tailored advertisement campaigns, viral marketing, internet marketing, offering exclusive offers to current and prospective customers and using social media channels (Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk Salt, 2009, p. 9). Process This is the primary element of marketing that i s instrumental in the allocation of resources, identification of opportunities and crafting of development strategies. RIM has proper mechanism that facilitates the handling of complaints and identifying the customer needs. The RIM Company has a well-planned process that defines how the customers receive their services and access the goods and for feedback mechanisms. Physical Evidence Research in Motion has opted to provide offers to elicit excitement form the customers about the BlackBerry product; RIM also guarantees warranty and has provisions for after-sale services as a show of support and care for their products and the customers. This will also make the customers to develop a better picture about the RIM products. People Research in Motion trains its employees on tactics of being customer centered to enable them to build good attitudes when dealing with the customers. They also employ people form the host country because they know the habits and the preferences of the native customers (Lamb Hair, 2009, p.47). SWOT Analysis Strengths Blackberry has managed to keep the UK consumers to be conscious about their products. Their strength is due to their market share that exclusively comes form the business world and other IT professionals. From an IT perspective, no competitor has managed to emulate the Blackberry Enterprise server that is only excusive to the Blackberry phone. Blackberry has attempted to garner an expansive market by upgrading the looks and the appeal of their products to attract more customers. Weaknesses RIM depends on business operators to launch its Blackberry services, this is time consuming and the costs can be high for smaller operators. Their Network operating centre can be considered to be a weakness today. Another weakness is also the high costs of ownership since it has been considered to be high end product and hence costs effective. Opportunities One of the greatest opportunities lies in the Blackberry partners that help creat e downloadable applications form independent company. Blackberry had been slow in venturing this market which had been dominated by Apples iPhone and by embracing this it will be able top embrace the widely growing market. Threats With the production of Smartphone by other electronic manufacturers like Nokia, LG and Samsung, Blackberry is facing a lot of threats particularly due to its weakness the web interface (Lion Green, 2006, p. 2). Porters Five Forces Threat of entry: among the threats of entry is huge capital demand like manufacturing costs and the constants for rapid innovations and high costs that may be aimed to driving profits high. Supplier power: there are various sources of mobile operating system providers and hence plenty of options. This has the effect of lowering the bargaining power of software providers. The same scenario applies to the hardware providers. Substitute: the influence of substitute is a reasonable level and proportionally varies with similar goods. Other formidable substitutes are PDA and table PCs are viable substitute. Buyer power: there is a high bargaining power of the buyers due to the choice of the products with limited differentiation. There is also an elastic demand which is sensitive to the economy where buyers can delay the buying of new models. Rivalry: there is a high rivalry in the smart phone market because there is minimal product differentiation which is only based on the services offered and the applications. The exit barriers are low for manufacturers particularly those on the value chain. Complements: complements are considered to be critical to the development of a product and have a low or rather moderate bargaining power. This can be subsidized by increasing the network capabilities. Its complements are Maps and GPS, applications and e-mail (Lion Green, 2006, p. 1). Product Life Cycle This consists of the five main aspects which included product development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. T his is illustrated in the following chart. In the chart, the red graph is adopted to explain the life cycle of Blackberry. At present, the Blackberry is entered the maturity phase. The introduction phase was carried out in 1997 to 1998. At this time, Blackberry was the only smart phone and therefore it registered a rapid growth as it provided a ready solution to corporate clients. Private users have also joined the client base. Introduction phase can be said to have stretched from 1998 to 2004/2005. RIM registered huge success from 2005 to 2011. Due to the many entrants into the Smartphone arena, Blackberry has been forced to enter the mature stage. General and Justified Recommendations The desire to make sales and derive a lot of profits from it is the primary objective of several firms, and the amount of profits from the revenue base of the organization. Due to the fact that is the main component of marketing mix, companies may be tempted to utilize it in gaining competitive edge over their rivals. Blackberry has applied strategies such as increasing the quality of their products, creating good consumer relationships and performing consumer education regarding their products in order to meet the price demand of its competitors. In the modern competitive environment, the mobile phones market has grown to be one of the consumer oriented and one driven by products. With the changing trends in shopping patterns and customer behavior, mobile phone investors, services providers and manufacturers need to place a lot of focus on multi-marketing approach in order to increase their sales and profits. Customers have been fed up with the common and popular mobile phones brands hence there is a need for the players to enhance their technological tactics. In order to enhance their profitability, there is a need for a consumer-oriented marketing strategy that can preempt the marketing strategies of its competitors. In order to successfully increase their profits, RIM, sho uld adopt balance between marketing and pricing. Pricing Strategy Pricing of BlackBerry is one of the delicate matters. It has been established that business owners and executives are reluctant to pay more for a gadget that lacks clear impression of how it will enhance their business. The strategy of pricing is a critical element because it concerns the positioning of the product in the market the level of pricing is dictated by such elements as the phone features, advertisements and channels decisions. An efficient and effective strategy of pricing can emanate from the following processes namely the development of a marketing strategy, undertaking the calculation of costs and making relevant marketing mix decisions. Marketers make the prices of their products in a way that is likely to receive a fair value because price is considered a parameter under which the customers rate the product, and it can be also used to reflect on the practices of particular organizations. Care should b e taken, and mechanisms of cost should be applied in determining the price of BlackBerry. BlackBerry is a customized product and therefore, has a competitive edge over its rival products because no product can act as its perfect substitute. The better pricing of BlackBerry will create the impression that it is a sophisticated product and different from other mobile phone gadgets (Mobile Beacon, 2011, p. 1). Marketing Strategy Increasing their marketing development strategy encompasses the offering of BlackBerry phones and devices in the market segment where their competitors dominate. This can also be enhanced by co branding using popular and established software companies. There is also need for the introduction of an effective and efficient customer care centre for their green marketing initiative and software matters. There is also the adoption of market development strategy that will enable BlackBerry to reach to other new or potential markets. There is a massive untapped market for Smartphone particular the lower cadre social class which can be a ready and lucrative market for the RIM thus the introduction of BlackBerry at a cheaper or affordable price or in various price points is considered to be profitable. BlackBerry or RIM should adopt the principle that with the introduction of new models of the phone, the old ones can be sold at discounted prices. There is also need for BlackBerry to, manufacture blackberries that have similar sleek look but with few features so as to increase the depth of their products and to be able to capture the middle-class population and students or teenagers. BlackBerry should also employ market penetration strategy that will increase their revenue base and enable them to attract new customers. This can be realized through enhanced sales promotion and advertisements; they can, for instance, provide their existing customers and especially family members or their children with discount since they can form part of the potentia l market (Bikowski, Bryant, Crossin, Dillon, Giles, Lawson, McConville, 2009, p. 3). There is a need for BlackBerry to be marketing through the application of Robust marketing strategy that is aimed at increasing the market share of the company. One of the means of increasing the market share is through advertisements by used of newspapers, magazines, business journals and in business news and channels; these advertisements should deliver the nutshell of the exclusive features of BlackBerry while excluding the pricing to avoid the mental set among customers that it is expensive. For the company to increase its market size and profitability, good marketing strategies and marketing planning are essential. It is important for Research in Motion to write down a perfect marketing plan while examining the business environment. A good marketing plan should contain current and potential marketing focal points to exploit (Silk, 2006, 19). Good marketing strategies endear the products to the market and have the net effect of enhancing the volume of sales. The marketing manager should place a lot of focus on the resources of the organization like costs of production, the brand image, employee capability, available technology and financial resources. Analysis of marketing environment is necessary since they directly affect the organization or might hinder the implementation of the organizations’ marketing plan. This is referred as environmental scanning, and it serves to identify the market threats and the opportunities that are necessary in the designing of the market strategy. In the UK markets, the brand and product name is very important in terms of the brand image, and all that accompany it. In the case of BlackBerry for example, the brand image begins from the technological design of the phones, and the features that the phone has and also its maintenance costs and the safety standard as well as the way it is presented in advertisement and sales promotions (L amb Hair, 2009, p.34). Appendix Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2011/aug/01/smartphone-stats-2011) Figure 4 Figure 5 References Bikowski, A., Bryant, S., Crossin, S., Dillon, J., Giles, K., Lawson, T McConville, D 2009, Research In Motion: Case Study Report, Zen Portfolios, Available from: http://zenportfolios.com/theresa/files/2009/11/mktg-RIM-case.pdf. [22 January 2012]. Dictionary 2012, BlackBerry Phones: Doing Business in a Style, Street Directory, Available from: streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/131478/BlackBerry/BlackBerry_phones_doing_business_in_a_style.html. [22 January 2012]. Gowda, N., Szabo, C., Choi, Y., Hauk, C Salt, G 2009, BlackBerry’s Rise in Brand Power, Zen Portfolios, Available from: http://zenportfolios.com/natashagowda/files/2009/10/BlackBerry-vs.-Apple-MKTG-1102-Case-1.pdf. [22 January 2012]. Lamb, C Hair, J 2009, Essentials of marketing (6th ed.), South-Western, Mason, OH. Lion, E Green, J 2006, RIM in the mobile enterprise market, BlackBerry, Available from: blackberry.com/select/get_the_facts/pdfs/vendor/OVUM_RIM_in_the_mobile_enterprise_market.pdf. [22 January 2012]. Mobile Beacon 2011, Why doesn’t RIM pay a dividend to boost share price? Mobile Beacon, Available from: http://mobilebeacon.com/blog/. [22 January 2012]. Mohr, J., Sengupta, S Slater, S 2009, Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations, Jakki Mohr publishers, Missoula, MT. Scribd 2011, PESTEL analysis of BlackBerry: Research In Motion limited; BlackBerry, Scribd, Available from: scribd.com/doc/52280203/Pest-Analysis-For-Rim. [22 January 2012]. Scribd 2012, Environmental scan: Research in Motion, Scribd, Available from: scribd.com/doc/56244269/Term-Paper1-BlackBerry. [22 January 2012]. Silk, A 2006, What is marketing?, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass. Sweeny, A 2009, BlackBerry Planet: the story of Research in Motion and the little device that took the world by storm, John Willy and Sons, New York, NY.

buy custom Egypt Police essay

buy custom Egypt Police essay Historical Background Defining Characteristics of that Countrys Police Force For many years, there were disturbing relationships between Egyptian police and the citizens. Such a trend contributed to developing negative stereotypes about police system among Egyptians. Contrary to the police of the United States, which have a good reputation, the Egyptian police gained notoriety that was aggravated before the revolution of 2011. The police greatly discriminated citizens in law enforcement to support the ruling regime. With total impunity, they violated human rights and the law. They had laxity in performing public duties but readily provided political security. Consequently, Egyptian society was subjected to the oppressive regime since the police system was inclined to have an authoritarian behavior (Mervio, 2015). Thus, the image of police that exists in Egyptian society shows them as those establishing order by force and defending violently the system to fulfill desires of the authorities. Police Reforms Democratic transition in Egypt could only be completed after reforming the security sectors (Human Rights Center for the Assistance of Prisoners, 2002). Reforms called to change the approaches of the police force from brutal ones to those serving the public, emphasize respect for human rights while law enforcement, train to humanely deal with people were expected to be implemented. However, the Egyptian police force has not been reformed yet. The only evident alternation was the modification of the intelligence unit name from Security Investigation to National Security and the police uniform color. In contrast, in the USA, the police force is continuously reformed. One of the latest, for example, was community policing reform aimed to establish association and society trust in law enforcement (Human Rights Center for the Assistance of Prisoners, 2002). Unique Features of the Recruitment, Training, and Qualifications of Police Recruits. In Egypt, there exists Egyptian Police Academy that maintains colleges to train and educate the police at all career stages. Cairo Police Academyis an institution in charge of training and educating the police, as it supervises all other institutions that train the police throughout Egypt (Human Rights Center for the Assistance of Prisoners, 2002). It determines the qualifications for recruits and employs the teaching staff. Police recruitment in Egypt does not require specific class, race, or bodily features from candidates. To become a policemen, one only must be a physically fit citizen of Egypt and possess the basic academic documents. The preparation of police forces focuses predominantly on education. The academies have a belief that courses encouraging decent social behavior and a development of good personality are mandatory for police officers. The officers also do the courses of academic syllabuses. Such formation of the police is clearly distinctive from police training an d education in the United States. In the US, law enforcement organizations concentrate mostly on training that is performed by the academies of the police; however, they do not have the recognition of educational institutions. Police Structures How are they Structured The government, through several arms all under the Ministry of Interior, provides law enforcement in Egypt. The ministry ensures the safety and security of all citizens and the state at large. The ministry is mandated to recruit, train and manage the security forces. It also oversees criminal investigations, administers licenses, and controls traffic among others. Egypt has the Interpol National Central Bureau (NCB) that is a combination of both administrative staff and the police. The section deals with foreign and domestic links to criminal activities. NCB also focuses on the exchange of internal intelligence information. Such structure is divergent from the American one since there exists no national police system in the United States. Police are simply on the state basis. Why did They Choose This Kind of System The Egyptian police structure was historically influences by the British one. In both systems, the police are virtually the property of the government. Moreover, the police administration is highly centralized with all instructions coming froom the Ministry of Interior. The method was adopted to assure the total authority and security of reigning regime. Police Misconduct In Egypt, police misconduct and brutality are as commonplace as any other crime and, thus, tend to be pervasive. Victims describe the police as using excessive force to get confessions from alleged criminals (Human Rights Center for the Assistance of Prisoners, 2002). Activists from the Muslim Brotherhood face particularly a lot of violence from the police as they are seen to be a political threat. After the 2011 revolution, the ruling government conceded and confirmed the existence of torture within the police system (Kandil, 2012). Such gross misconduct in the line of duty attributes to poor training as well as frustration due to understaffing. Efforts are made to curb it, and, in the recent years, numerous policemen were convicted on torture claims. Independent human rights organizations also assist with reinforcing the political will by the government. Such a situation is uncommon for the USA. The majority of police officers work with respect for the citizens they serve there (Ur bina, 2012). However, unacceptable occurrences sometimes take place, and the United States Department of Justice enforces the laws that address these occasions among the officers. Police Coordination and Cooperation The Federal Government campaigns for police cooperation are implemented both locally and at the international level. Their aim is preventing and combating organized criminal activities including terrorism (Giacomantonio, 2015). The cooperation also offers windows to relief and support in the event of serious accidents. In addition, the government assumes that there is a need to support its security authorities. It is particularly reflected in controlling criminal crosses-border offenses such as human, drug, and vehicle smuggling. The United States similarly facilitate the formation of programs that depend on coordination with state police within federal districts. To this end, the Congress enacted Law Enforcement Coordinators (LECs). The LECs promote communication, coordination, and cooperation among States law enforcement agencies (Rothman, 2012). Buy custom Egypt Police essay